In conclusion, the obesogenic environmental conditions, the genes, and the interaction gene–environment would lead to a better understanding of the etiology of these diseases. Moreover, in the last decades, the discovery of new genes associated with obesity ( FTO, NRXN3, NPC1, NEGR1, MTCH2, GNPDA2, among others) and with neurodegenerative or neurodevelopmental diseases ( APOE, CD38, SIRT1, TNFα, PAI-1, TREM2, SYT4, FMR1, TET3, among others) had opened new pathways to comprehend the common mechanisms involved in these diseases. In fact, several genes implicated in the leptin–melanocortin pathway ( LEP, LEPR, POMC, BDNF, MC4R, PCSK1, SIM1, BDNF, TrkB, etc.) are associated with obesity and neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases. Obesogenic environmental conditions are not the only factors that influence neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases. The common biological mechanisms involved in obesity and neurodegenerative/neurodevelopmental diseases are insulin resistance, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative damage, among others, leading to impaired brain development or cell death. Moreover, maternal obesity affects the cognitive function and mental health of the offspring. Obesity impairs neurodevelopment abilities as memory and fine-motor skills. Interestingly, some of these environmental conditions are shared with neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases. Some of the environmental conditions that lead to obesity are physical activity, alcohol consumption, socioeconomic status, parent feeding behavior, and diet. Obesity is associated with neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer, Parkinson, and Huntington diseases) and with neurodevelopmental diseases (autism disorder, schizophrenia, and fragile X syndrome). Obesity is a multifactorial disease in which environmental conditions and several genes play an important role in the development of this disease. 3División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico.2Laboratorio de Enfermedades Metabólicas: Obesidad y Diabetes, Hospital Infantil de México “Federico Gómez,” Mexico City, Mexico.1Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Farmacogenómica, Centro de Investigación de Ciencia y Tecnología Aplicada de Tabasco, División Académica de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Mexico.
María Teresa Flores-Dorantes 1, Yael Efren Díaz-López 2,3 and Ruth Gutiérrez-Aguilar 2,3*
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